Lead oxides (litharge, red lead)

EU-27 trade, 2005–2025

EU-27 imports and exports – with non-EU countries or within the EU (arrivals reported by EU countries and their dispatches to other EU countries) – in tonnes, euro or as unit value; the current year – monthly data (incomplete year).

extra-EU imports extra-EU exports 2026* – data for 2026-01/2026-08 (incomplete year, hollow marker, no line)

Source: Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (class CN8 codes, EU-27); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2.
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data) – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-02 (period 2026)
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (monthly data) – latest data: 2026-08 (intra-EU: 2026-07); retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2026-11-13 (period 2026-09)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link

Figure data (table)

EU-27 trade – Lead oxides (litharge, red lead) – extra-EU, tonnes of product mass

Year	extra-EU imports	extra-EU exports	Balance
2005	3,398	10,348	6,949
2006	4,353	12,106	7,753
2007	3,803	31,560	27,758
2008	2,554	26,915	24,362
2009	1,111	21,182	20,071
2010	1,508	26,336	24,828
2011	1,069	19,530	18,461
2012	1,549	12,093	10,544
2013	1,690	5,534	3,844
2014	1,118	4,449	3,331
2015	983	5,315	4,332
2016	6,081	4,211	−1,870
2017	1,360	4,462	3,101
2018	1,717	5,107	3,391
2019	1,238	4,814	3,577
2020	845	3,814	2,969
2021	1,155	5,070	3,915
2022	331	6,001	5,670
2023	314	3,928	3,615
2024	514	4,086	3,572
2025	700	3,805	3,105
2026 2026-01/2026-08	349	2,127	1,778

tonnes of product mass. Balance = exports − imports.

PRODCOM production and apparent consumption

EU-27 sold production according to PRODCOM (codes 20.12.12.40) and apparent consumption = production + extra-EU imports − extra-EU exports. Eurostat flags above the bars: E – estimate, R – rounded value; C – confidential value (no bar, not filled in).

EU-27 sold production (t) E – Eurostat estimate, R – rounded, C – confidential (no bar), “–” – gap

Source: Eurostat, PRODCOM DS-059358 and DS-059367 (sold production), Comext DS-045409 (trade for apparent consumption); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2. Apparent consumption not computed: the PRODCOM code also covers products outside the class: chromium and copper oxides and hydroxides (CN 2819 10 00, 2819 90 10, 2819 90 90, 2825 50 00) – production is not limited to the class.
Eurostat, PRODCOM DS-059358, DS-059367 – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-07 (period 2026)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link

Figure data (table)

EU-27 sold production and apparent consumption – Lead oxides (litharge, red lead), 2005–2025

Year	Sold production (t)	Quantity flag	Value (EUR)	Apparent consumption (t)
2005	gap		–	–
2006	gap		–	–
2007	gap		–	–
2008	gap		–	–
2009	gap		–	–
2010	gap		–	–
2011	gap		–	–
2012	gap		–	–
2013	gap		–	–
2014	gap		–	–
2015	gap		–	–
2016	gap		–	–
2017	gap		–	–
2018	gap		–	–
2019	57,636	R	116,604,811	–
2020	72,000	R	119,000,000	–
2021	54,000	R	150,000,000	–
2022	50,000	R	120,000,000	–
2023	40,000	R	120,000,000	–
2024	45,000	R	120,000,000	–
2025	40,000	R	116,000,000	–

EU-27 countries, 2025

Mass balance of a country (exports − imports, all partners, including other EU countries) or the country share of exports or imports of the 27 EU countries. Plants of the class on a map – figure 7.

export surplus ≥ 4,618 texport surplus 1,155 t–4,618 texport surplus < 1,155 tbalance ≈ 0import surplus < 1,155 timport surplus 1,155 t–4,618 timport surplus ≥ 4,618 tno figure (confidential exports)non-EU countries

Source: Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (class CN8 codes, EU-27); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2. Trade of EU-27 countries with all partners (WORLD); share – of the 27-country total. Balance thresholds – 10% and 40% of the largest absolute balance. The country map uses the declarations of the country itself (its exports and imports), the flow map – import declarations of the partners (country of consignment); differences are asymmetries of intra-EU trade statistics (transit, triangular trade, confidentiality). Base map: Natural Earth (public domain), Lambert conformal conic projection.
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data) – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-02 (period 2026)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link

Figure data (table)

EU-27 countries in the trade of the class – Lead oxides (litharge, red lead), 2025

Country	Imports (t)	Exports (t)	Balance (t)	Share of EU-27 imports (%)	Share of EU-27 exports (%)	Intra-EU dispatches according to partner declarations (t)
Germany	3,225	14,770	+11.5 thousand t	16.6	53.8	10,235
Italy	824	4,922	+4,098 t	4.3	17.9	3,788
Spain	1,021	4,016	+2,995 t	5.3	14.6	2,491
Belgium	87	2,416	+2,329 t	0.5	8.8	316
Luxembourg	0	0	+0.3 t	0.0	0.0	0
Latvia	0	0	+0.1 t	0.0	0.0	1
Croatia	0	0	0 t	0.0	0.0	0
Cyprus	0	0	0 t	0.0	0.0	0
Estonia	0	0	0 t	0.0	0.0	0
Ireland	0	0	0 t	0.0	0.0	0
Malta	0	0	0 t	0.0	0.0	0
Finland	2	0	−1.9 t	0.0	0.0	0
Slovakia	3	0	−2.5 t	0.0	0.0	0
Slovenia	9	1	−8.1 t	0.1	0.0	0
Lithuania	9	0	−8.9 t	0.1	0.0	0
Romania	9	0	−9.2 t	0.1	0.0	0
Denmark	23	0	−22.8 t	0.1	0.0	0
Hungary	26	1	−24.2 t	0.1	0.0	49
Greece	58	1	−56.5 t	0.3	0.0	0
Netherlands	105	6	−99.6 t	0.5	0.0	7
Austria	207	3	−204 t	1.1	0.0	0
Bulgaria	305	0	−305 t	1.6	0.0	0
Portugal	734	0	−733 t	3.8	0.0	6
France	1,674	1	−1,672 t	8.6	0.0	103
Czechia	4,543	19	−4,523 t	23.4	0.1	15
Poland	6,233	1,302	−4,931 t	32.1	4.7	964
Sweden	301	confidential (C)	–	1.6	–	720

Intra-EU flows, 2025

Arcs run from the country of consignment to the country of destination (arrivals reported by an EU country by country of consignment); width proportional to the square root of mass.

Arc: consignment → destination2,000 t500 t100 t

Source: Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (class CN8 codes, EU-27); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2. Arrivals of EU countries by country of consignment (EU-27 partners); pairs sorted by mass, descending. Arc width – proportional to the square root of mass (reference widths in the legend). The country map uses the declarations of the country itself (its exports and imports), the flow map – import declarations of the partners (country of consignment); differences are asymmetries of intra-EU trade statistics (transit, triangular trade, confidentiality). Base map: Natural Earth (public domain), Lambert conformal conic projection.
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data) – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-02 (period 2026)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link

Figure data (table)

Intra-EU flows – Lead oxides (litharge, red lead), 2025

Flow (consignment → destination)	Mass (t)	Value (EUR)
Germany → Poland	4,963	10,948,576
Germany → Czechia	3,897	9,005,424
Italy → Germany	2,003	4,668,595
Spain → Germany	960	2,217,867
Germany → France	855	2,074,549
Spain → Italy	808	1,746,119
Italy → Poland	796	1,737,696
Sweden → Portugal	720	1,416,427
Italy → Spain	658	1,408,490
Poland → France	436	1,004,225
Poland → Czechia	330	712,010
Italy → Czechia	315	713,236
Germany → Sweden	300	1,012,814
Spain → France	297	835,074
Belgium → Spain	220	1,235,208
Spain → Poland	194	486,380
Spain → Austria	161	563,789

Non-EU partners, 2025

The ten largest non-EU suppliers and customers; arrows from the partner to the EU (imports) or from the EU to the partner (exports), width proportional to the square root of mass.

1. Türkiye · 297 t
2. Russia · 280 t
3. South Africa* · 60.4 t
4. Japan* · 37.1 t
5. United Kingdom · 17.1 t
6. United States* · 4.2 t
7. China* · 3.5 t
8. India* · 0.6 t
9. Australia* · 0.3 t
10. Switzerland · 0.2 t

Arrow from/to the EU-27 point (notional centre of the EU area); number – rank and mass200 t50 t10 t * country outside the frame – notional point on the map edge in the direction from the EU; arrow direction notional

Source: Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (class CN8 codes, EU-27); compiled by ai-waw.com – products dataset 2.2. Shares and concentration – of extra-EU trade mass (including unspecified partners). Base map: Natural Earth (public domain), Lambert conformal conic projection.
Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data) – latest data: 2025; retrieved: 2026-11-04; next update: 2027-02 (period 2026)

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link

Figure data (table)

EU-27 imports by country of origin – Lead oxides (litharge, red lead), 2025

#	Country	Mass (t)	Value (EUR)	Share (%)
1	Türkiye	297	321,653	42.4
2	Russia	280	530,732	40.0
3	South Africa	60	244,877	8.6
4	Japan	37	176,232	5.3
5	United Kingdom	17	66,936	2.4
6	United States	4	86,981	0.6
7	China	4	83,892	0.5
8	India	1	7,306	0.1
9	Australia	0	11,357	0.0
10	Switzerland	0	3,732	0.0

Product chain

Place of the class in the processing chain: unwrought metal, preceding classes, the class, following classes and scrap. Nodes are classes of the dictionary (links); the current class – in the accent colour.

The scheme orders the classes of the dictionary by processing stage (family rules in the portal code: same material, a derived product after the non-derived one; links named explicitly – e.g. cans from can stock, die castings from casting alloys, coated steel from galvanizing alloys, lead sheet and oxides from refined lead, lead-acid batteries from lead alloys and lead oxide); an arrow does not mean deliveries between specific plants. Feed and scrap – CN headings of the metal, not dictionary classes (lead – scrap only: unwrought lead is in the dictionary classes).

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata Link

Figure data (table)

Product chain – Lead oxides (litharge, red lead)

Name	Stage	CN
Refined unwrought lead	Preceding classes	7801 10 00
Lead oxides (litharge, red lead)	Class	2824 10 00 2824 90 00
Lead-acid starter batteries	Following classes	8507 10 20 8507 10 80
Other lead-acid batteries (traction, stationary)	Following classes	8507 20 20 8507 20 80
lead scrap	Scrap	7802

Figure 7. Map of plants

Source: ai-waw.com Companies register (entries from primary documents), as of 2026-11-04, version 2.49. plants without coordinates are not on the map. Base map: Natural Earth (public domain). Location of some plants: © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL).

CSV (all years) JSON Metadata

Producers

Each entry from a primary document (class A/B/C and document page), with the verification date and the entity controlling the plant (GLEIF Level 2 or company documents).

1

producing plants (incl. outside the EU) of which in the EU-27: 1

1

companies

1

countries

0.0%

non-EU control – plants in the EU-27

Corporate groups (a company without a group counted separately): 1
Non-EU control – plants in the EU-27: 0 of 1 plants with an established controller (1 of 1 producing plants are in the EU-27; plants outside the EU are out of scope of the indicator; ownership control logic and area).
No document states a capacity for this class – no sum is computed.

Plant country all Poland

Entry status all producedplanned productionproduction ended

Ownership control all controller in the EU-27controller outside the EUcontroller not established

Capacity from a document all statednot stated

Show

Alloys and standards

Materials, product standards and synonyms of this class from the alloy and standard glossary.

The glossary has no materials of this class with a documented basis yet.

Product standards

• EN 13086 Lead and lead alloys - Lead oxides

Synonyms

PL

tlenek ołowiu · monotlenek ołowiu · tlenki ołowiu · glejta · minia

EN

lead oxides · lead oxide · lead monoxide · litharge · red lead · minium

DE

Bleimonoxid "Lythargyrum, Massicot" (CN label (DE)) · Bleioxide (ausg. Bleimonoxid [Lythargyrum, Massicot]) (CN label (DE)) · Bleioxide · Bleioxid · Bleimonoxid · Mennige

Full alloy and standard glossary →

Related

• Country lead flow analyses: Lead Flows in Poland
• Ownership control of the producers: Ownership control (product filter)
• Companies list and map filtered to this class: Companies

Data freshness

Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (annual data)

latest data: 2025 · retrieved: 2026-11-04 · next update: 2027-02 (period 2026) full year 2026 – after the December data release (February 2027); annual data may be revised in later releases

Eurostat, Comext DS-045409 (monthly data)

latest data: 2026-08 (intra-EU: 2026-07) · retrieved: 2026-11-04 · next update: 2026-11-13 (period 2026-09)

Eurostat, PRODCOM DS-059358, DS-059367

latest data: 2025 · retrieved: 2026-11-04 · next update: 2027-07 (period 2026) first release of annual data in mid-July of the following year; revisions – mid-month (ESMS metadata prom_esms, item 8.1)

How to cite

Method note

Entry only from a primary document

A class is assigned to a plant only when a primary document names it – a product data sheet, an annual report, a register or a company page describing the product – with the document page and a reliability class (A, B or C). Press and company directories without a company document are not a basis for an entry.

Assignment from a location document

When a company document describes the product and only a location page points to the plant, the assignment of the product to the plant is an inference – the source then has class C and the entry awaits confirmation by a plant document.

“Full range” is not an entry

A general claim (“full range of copper products”) without the class, dimensions or alloys does not create an entry. A plant without an entry may make the class – the register does not know.

Capacity only from a document

Class capacity (kt) – only when a document states it; no estimates and no split of a whole plant’s capacity into classes. The sum covers only plants with a stated capacity and is a lower bound – always given with the number of plants it covers.

Entry status

Produced, planned production (investment announced in a document), production ended. A closed plant – production ended. Key figures – “produced” only.

Ownership control

The entity controlling the plant and its country – as in Ownership control (GLEIF Level 2, GLEIF exceptions, groups from company documents). The non-EU share is computed only among producers located in the EU-27 with an established controller (as the default area of Ownership control); a plant outside the EU – e.g. in Türkiye, the United Kingdom, Switzerland or Serbia – is out of scope of the indicator, although it counts among plants and countries.

Trade and production

Eurostat Comext: EU-27 extra-EU and intra-EU trade (arrivals reported by EU countries), CN codes of the class (sum of the codes), tonnes and euro, 2005–2025 plus the current incomplete year (hollow marker, no line); sold production – PRODCOM (a code may cover several classes); apparent consumption = production + extra-EU imports − extra-EU exports within the PRODCOM code scope. A CN code may cover products of other classes (e.g. rods and sections in one code) – trade describes CN codes, not the plants of the register.

Metals kept apart

Each class belongs to one metal (aluminium, copper, lead, zinc). Each metal has its own page; the metals share a family layout – five semi-finished product families (wire rod and wire; bars and sections; plate, sheet and strip; foil; tubes), families outside semi-finished products (unwrought alloys – feedstock, powders and dust, chemical compounds, anodes and other articles – currently zinc and lead only; unwrought metal – refined lead) and derived products; split by material within a family. A family without classes of a metal shows “–” with a description in the comparison table. Header figures and trade totals are given separately for each metal – tonnes of different metals are never added up. Derived products (e.g. winding wire, structures, cans, stranded wire, zinc-coated steel, die castings) are marked and are not semi-finished products; tonnes of coated steel are the mass of the product, not of zinc, and tonnes of lead-acid batteries are battery mass, not lead. A class outside the metal trade total (coated steel, zinc oxide, die castings without a CN code, lead oxides, batteries) carries a note with the reason.

Counterpart in the other metal

A copper ↔ aluminium substitution pair (e.g. wire, coiled tubes, strip, stranded wire) comes from the dictionary field or from the portal map of pairs. The comparison shows the figures of both classes side by side, without a total, and the application sentence has no figures; a pair does not mean interchangeability in every application.

Links by metal

Copper classes have a form in the R02 forecast and the EU copper flow analysis; aluminium classes – the EU aluminium flow analysis and the country analyses; zinc classes – the EU zinc flow analysis and the country analysis for Poland; lead classes – the country analysis for Poland (the R01 and R02 forecasts cover copper only). An analysis link given with the class takes precedence.

Dataset scope

The dataset covers copper and aluminium semi-finished products and their alloys, and zinc products (titanium-zinc sheet, unwrought alloys, powders and dust, anodes, derived products) and lead products (refined lead, unwrought alloys, sheet, powders, other articles, lead oxides and lead-acid batteries) at plants of the Companies register. Counts of plants, countries and groups and the capacity sum are a lower bound of the market – they grow with further documents.

Pages and Markdown are open to text and data mining with attribution; JSON data – like the other JSON data of the register – are reserved as a database compilation. Trade data: Eurostat (reuse with attribution).

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